OPTIMIZING COBALT CARBIDE BASED NANOMATERIALS BY USING NUCLEATING AGENTS AND STATISTICAL ROUTES

Author

Turki I. AlmugaiteebFollow

DOI

https://doi.org/10.25772/PKDC-WJ75

Defense Date

2016

Document Type

Dissertation

Degree Name

Doctor of Philosophy

Department

Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

First Advisor

Everett Carpenter

Second Advisor

Massimo Bertino

Third Advisor

Hani Elkaderi

Fourth Advisor

Shiv Khanna

Abstract

The continuous high demand on permanent magnets in industries opened new research plateau to develop alternative magnetic material. The current used permanent magnet materials in the market still suffer from high cost and insufficient magnetic or thermal properties. The central focus of this dissertation work is the optimization of cobalt carbide based nanomaterial by means of modifying polyol synthesis assisted by nucleation agent and systematic statistics using JMP software tool. In most existing literatures, producing cobalt carbide (Co₂C or Co₃C) lack reproducibility and consistency resulting in nonsolid magnetic properties results. The practical requirements for cobalt carbide to be used as permanent magnet are high coercivity (H_c), high magnetization (M_s), resulting in a high-energy product (H_cxM_s). Previous literatures have shown coercivities of 1.5 to 2.5 kOe for cobalt carbides under aggressive temperatures conditions (300^oC) or after aligning the particles under magnetic field.

A statistical guided method performed a sequence of experiments toward producing high coercivities using surface response design. Primarily, the statistical study to optimize cobalt carbide was made by analyzing experimental condition to fulfill high magnetic properties with tuned conditions as much as possible. Therefore, having the advantage for superior control on process variable when shifting cobalt carbide for scale up production in flow chemistry set up using microreaction system (MMRS). The optimization is based upon selecting the most important conditions in polyol reaction to produce cobalt carbide (Co₂C or Co₃C) and feed JMP software model e.g. reaction temperature, reaction time, and or precursor concentration…etc. These factors called (effects) used to design experiments and generate tables to run minimum experiments. Points of each effect (levels) are selected based on previous knowledge and experience with the synthesis. The output called (response) can be any of the magnetic properties of our interest e.g. magnetization (M_s), coercivity (H_c), or energy magnetic product (H_cxM_s). In the first model fit of cobalt carbide magnetic was studied in a polyol reaction to increase its magnetic energy product and optimize the experimental conditions. The results disclosed increase in magnetic energy product (6.2 MGOe) when validating the prediction model conditions suggested by JMP: shorter reaction time, and lower precursor concentration conditions at maximum reaction temperature.

Finally, to my knowledge studying the effect of the nucleating agent to alter cobalt carbide growth have not been studied so far. Therefore, statistical study design using central composite design (CCD) to investigate the nucleating agent effect of silver nitrite on cobalt carbide coercivity was made. The importance of nucleating agent on coercivity is vigorous to attain and control the growth direction of cobalt carbide nanoparticles. This is due to the shape anisotropy contribution to enhance coercivity unlike weak shape anisotropy attributed to agglomeration of nanoparticles demonstrated in previous studies. Enhancement of coercivity reached 3 kOe with aspect ratio control as a function of silver nitrite concentration under lower reaction temperature.

The continuous high demand on permanent magnets in industries opened new research plateau to develop alternative magnetic material. The current used permanent magnet materials in the market still suffer from high cost and insufficient magnetic or thermal properties. The central focus of this dissertation work is the optimization of cobalt carbide based nanomaterial by means of modifying polyol synthesis assisted by nucleation agent and systematic statistics using JMP software tool. In most existing literatures, producing cobalt carbide (Co₂C or Co₃C) lack reproducibility and consistency resulting in nonsolid magnetic properties results. The practical requirements for cobalt carbide to be used as permanent magnet are high coercivity (H_c), high magnetization (M_s), resulting in a high-energy product (H_cxM_s). Previous literatures have shown coercivities of 1.5 to 2.5 kOe for cobalt carbides under aggressive temperatures conditions (300^oC) or after aligning the particles under magnetic field.

A statistical guided method performed a sequence of experiments toward producing high coercivities using surface response design. Primarily, the statistical study to optimize cobalt carbide was made by analyzing experimental condition to fulfill high magnetic properties with tuned conditions as much as possible. Therefore, having the advantage for superior control on process variable when shifting cobalt carbide for scale up production in flow chemistry set up using microreaction system (MMRS). The optimization is based upon selecting the most important conditions in polyol reaction to produce cobalt carbide (Co₂C or Co₃C) and feed JMP software model e.g. reaction temperature, reaction time, and or precursor concentration…etc. These factors called (effects) used to design experiments and generate tables to run minimum experiments. Points of each effect (levels) are selected based on previous knowledge and experience with the synthesis. The output called (response) can be any of the magnetic properties of our interest e.g. magnetization (M_s), coercivity (H_c), or energy magnetic product (H_cxM_s). In the first model fit of cobalt carbide magnetic was studied in a polyol reaction to increase its magnetic energy product and optimize the experimental conditions. The results disclosed increase in magnetic energy product (6.2 MGOe) when validating the prediction model conditions suggested by JMP: shorter reaction time, and lower precursor concentration conditions at maximum reaction temperature.

Finally, to my knowledge studying the effect of the nucleating agent to alter cobalt carbide growth have not been studied so far. Therefore, statistical study design using central composite design (CCD) to investigate the nucleating agent effect of silver nitrite on cobalt carbide coercivity was made. The importance of nucleating agent on coercivity is vigorous to attain and control the growth direction of cobalt carbide nanoparticles. This is due to the shape anisotropy contribution to enhance coercivity unlike weak shape anisotropy attributed to agglomeration of nanoparticles demonstrated in previous studies. Enhancement of coercivity reached 3 kOe with aspect ratio control as a function of silver nitrite concentration under lower reaction temperature.

Rights

© The Author

Is Part Of

VCU University Archives

Is Part Of

VCU Theses and Dissertations

Date of Submission

5-17-2016