DOI
https://doi.org/10.25772/H11E-ZZ40
Author ORCID Identifier
0000-0002-3140-9605
Defense Date
2025
Document Type
Thesis
Degree Name
Master of Science
Department
Psychology
First Advisor
Caroline Cobb
Second Advisor
Eric Benotsch
Third Advisor
M. Imad Damaj
Abstract
Research on tobacco product standards to limit the abuse liability of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) has primarily focused on nicotine concentration and flavor. Other liquid characteristics, such as protonated nicotine ratio and sweetener additives, are less understood but may serve as regulatory targets. This clinical laboratory study examined the effects of ENDS protonated nicotine ratio and sweetener presence on nicotine delivery, use behavior, and subjective effects.
Thirteen participants completed four sessions that varied by protonated nicotine ratio (0:100 vs. 40:60 freebase to monoprotonated nicotine) and sweetener status (sweetened with 3 mg/mL ethyl maltol vs. unsweetened). Each session included a 10-puff directed use period and a 30-minute ad libitum use period, followed by an own-brand challenge. Measures included heart rate, subjective effects, plasma nicotine concentration, and liquid consumption.
Results showed that nicotine form significantly influenced nicotine delivery, use behavior, and subjective effects. The 0:100 protonation ratio produced greater nicotine boost, longer puff duration, and larger puff volume compared to the 40:60 condition. Sweetener did not impact nicotine delivery but enhanced flavor perception and appeal when combined with the 0:100 ratio. Unsweetened liquids were associated with greater nausea, while 40:60 conditions were perceived as harsher and more irritating. The 0:100 liquids increased concentration ratings, whereas 40:60 liquids elicited greater immediate desire to use again.
These findings underscore the need for ENDS product standards to consider not only nicotine concentration but also nicotine form and sweetener presence to more effectively reduce abuse liability.
Rights
© The Author
Is Part Of
VCU University Archives
Is Part Of
VCU Theses and Dissertations
Date of Submission
4-28-2025