Defense Date
2026
Document Type
Directed Research Project
First Advisor
Dr. Michelle Peace
Second Advisor
James Hunter Fleming
Third Advisor
Dr. Haley Mulder
Fourth Advisor
Lisa Davis
Abstract
Background:
The rapid expansion of cannabis production has outpaced regulatory oversight, raising concerns about product safety and labeling accuracy. This study investigates discrepancies between labeled vs. actual cannabinoid content and assesses potential contamination in commercial cannabis products. Semi-synthetic cannabinoids, often found in unregulated items, may co-occur with chemical contaminants, posing unknown health risks. As consumer access increases, robust surveillance is essential for maintaining public health and effective regulation.
Materials and Methods:
This project examines the chemical composition and potential microbial contamination of commercially available cannabis products in Washington, D.C., utilizing HS-GC-FID, GC-MS, LC-MS/MS, and microbiological analysis to assess risks associated with inadequate production, handling, or storage.
Results:
Of seventy products analyzed, only forty-six (65.7%) disclosed the cannabinoids contained through product packaging or publicly available certificates of analysis. Fourteen (30%) of the products listing cannabinoids as present did not contain one or more of the cannabinoids listed on the label or certificate of analysis. Fifty-two (74.2%) products contained cannabinoids not listed on the product label. Trace amounts of residual solvents were detected in 58.3% of the samples (42/70) but were not listed on the product label. Methanol was detected in 1 vape product, 17 plant products, and 5 edible products (110-5120 mg/L). Ethanol was detected in 5 vape products, 1 plant product, and 9 gummy products (130-1109 mg/L). Acetone was detected in 8 vape products and 6 plant products (120-160 mg/L). No microbiological contaminants were detected in any vape or edible products. Microbial contamination above threshold limits was detected in 94.1% of plant material products (16/17). Aerobic bacteria were detected above the threshold of 102 cfu/g in 12 plant material products (220-9800 cfu/g). Yeast and mold were detected above the threshold of 101 cfu/g in 10 plant material products (20-440 cfu/g). Coliform bacteria were detected in 4 plant material products (10-420 cfu/g); there is no acceptable threshold for coliform presence.
Discussion:
The results of this study highlight significant discrepancies between labeled vs. actual cannabinoid content, with most products containing undeclared compounds or missing components. These discrepancies pose potential threats to public health and safety. Continued surveillance and regulatory enforcement are essential to ensure consumer safety and product integrity in the cannabis market.
Rights
© The Author(s)
Is Part Of
VCU Master of Science in Forensic Science Directed Research Projects
Date of Submission
5-5-2026
Included in
Forensic Science and Technology Commons, Other Pharmacology, Toxicology and Environmental Health Commons, Toxicology Commons