Document Type
Article
Original Publication Date
1995
Journal/Book/Conference Title
The New England Journal of Medicine
Volume
333
Issue
22
First Page
1437
Last Page
1444
DOI of Original Publication
10.1056/NEJM199511303332201
Date of Submission
January 2015
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a serious health problem, and additional treatments are needed.
METHODS
We studied the effects of oral alendronate, an aminobisphosphonate, on bone mineral density and the incidence of fractures and height loss in 994 women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. The women were treated with placebo or alendronate (5 or 10 mg daily for three years, or 20 mg for two years followed by 5 mg for one year); all the women received 500 mg of calcium daily. Bone mineral density was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The occurrence of new vertebral fractures and the progression of vertebral deformities were determined by an analysis of digitized radiographs, and loss of height was determined by sequential height measurements.
RESULTS
The women receiving alendronate had significant, progressive increases in bone mineral density at all skeletal sites, whereas those receiving placebo had decreases in bone mineral density. At three years, the mean (±SE) differences in bone mineral density between the women receiving 10 mg of alendronate daily and those receiving placebo were 8.8±0.4 percent in the spine, 5.9±0.5 percent in the femoral neck, 7.8±0.6 percent in the trochanter, and 2.5±0.3 percent in the total body (P
CONCLUSIONS
Daily treatment with alendronate progressively increases the bone mass in the spine, hip, and total body and reduces the incidence of vertebral fractures, the progression of vertebral deformities, and height loss in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.
Rights
From The New England Journal of Medicine, Liberman, U.A., Weiss, S.R., Bröll, J., et al., Effect of Oral Alendronate on Bone Mineral Density and the Incidence of Fractures in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis, Vol. 333, Page 1437, Copyright © 1995 Massachusetts Medical Society. Reprinted with permission.
Is Part Of
VCU Internal Medicine Publications
Comments
Originally published at http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199511303332201
This article was updated on March 14, 1996, at NEJM.org. The correction was published as follows:
To the Editor:
The study by Liberman et al. (Nov. 30 issue) on the effects of alendronate on bone mineral density and the incidence of fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis is important, but in our view not as exciting as it first seems. The authors pooled the results for women and, with respect to fractures, for doses of alendronate in two multicenter studies — an approach that at first seems valid. However, as shown in Table 2 of the article, the incidence of new vertebral fractures was lower in the U.S. study than in the multinational study, both in the placebo and the treated groups, suggesting that the women in the two studies may have differed. The authors state that the risk of new vertebral fracture was decreased in the alendronate-treated women, as compared with the placebo group, in both studies and in women stratified according to age or the presence or absence of a previous vertebral fracture. In fact, the incidence of fractures was reduced only in the elderly women, who made up a minority of the patients (relative risk, 0.3; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.1 to 0.8; P = 0.02). The difference in the incidence of vertebral fractures between the treated and placebo groups was not statistically significant in either the U.S. study or the multinational study; only by pooling the data was significance (P = 0.03) reached.
Hip fractures are the most important consequence of osteoporosis. It is noteworthy that there were only three hip fractures in the placebo group and one in the alendronate group during the three-year study. How do we prove that bisphosphonates are cost-effective drugs for the prevention of these fractures?
The evidence that bisphosphonates should be widely used in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis is meager, and we think it is too early for drug committees in local hospitals with shrinking budgets to recommend them, even if the drugs have been approved by regulatory authorities.
Hans Liedholm, M.D., Ph.D.
Agneta Björck Linné, M.Pharm.
Malmö University Hospital, S-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
To the Editor:
Liberman et al. found a decrease in the incidence of appendicular fractures in alendronate-treated women, as compared with women given placebo, that was due primarily to a reduction in the number of wrist or forearm fractures. What was alarming, however, was the concomitant increase in lower-extremity fractures, due primarily to an increase in fractures of the ankle, foot, or toe region by a factor of more than 2 (15 fractures, vs. 6 in the placebo group). Does alendronate interfere with stress-directed bone formation characteristic of the lower extremities and protect only those appendicular bones unaffected by gravity and stress? The increases in bone density with alendronate therapy at all sites measured, including the total body, reflect increased bony deposition, but do they reflect increases in — or even maintenance of — the quality of the bone being deposited? The authors' suggestion in the Discussion that alendronate increases appendicular bone strength needs qualification.
Hugh McGrath, Jr., M.D.
Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans, LA 70112-2822
The authors reply:
To the Editor: Liedholm and Linné question the validity of pooling the two studies for the analysis of vertebral fractures. We disagree. As clearly stated, the a priori data-analysis plan called for combining both studies and all alendronate-dose groups for analyses of fracture-related end points. This approach was valid because it was planned, because the design of the two studies was identical, and because the planned analysis was of relative (not absolute) risk stratified across studies, and there was no evidence that the relative risk differed between studies.
The women in each study and dose group did not differ in age, the number of years since menopause, base-line bone mineral density, or base-line prevalence of fractures. To use the small number of events in the subgroups defined according to study and age group (presented for completeness) to suggest that the groups differed seems an inappropriate conclusion drawn post hoc. Although elderly women had a greater absolute decrease in fractures, both age groups had similarly reduced relative risks of vertebral fractures. We believe that the finding that the number of vertebral fractures was consistently decreased with alendronate therapy in each subgroup supports the overall results.
These studies were too small to analyze the efficacy of alendronate on specific nonvertebral fractures. However, the reduction in fractures of the hip or pelvis in patients taking alendronate is encouraging. A recent pooled analysis of the nonvertebral-fracture results in these two studies combined with results of three similar studies demonstrated a 30 percent (P1Hip fracture occurred in 6 of 1012 women taking alendronate, as compared with 11 of 590 women receiving placebo.
Dr. McGrath expresses concern that the decrease in appendicular fractures was primarily due to a reduction in wrist fractures and that alendronate may not protect bones affected by gravity and stress. This concern seems unfounded, since there were reductions in the number of fractures of the hip, pelvis, and leg. Fractures of the ankle, foot, and toe were pooled for ease of presentation; the respective rates in the alendronate and placebo groups were 0.3 percent and 0.3 percent, 0.8 percent and 0.3 percent, and 1.3 percent and 1.0 percent.
Figure 3 of our article contains an error. The numbers of patients at risk at months 0, 12, and 24 and the survival curves are incorrect, although the values in the text are correct. FIGURE 1
Cumulative Proportion of Women without Nonvertebral Fractures.below shows the correct numbers and survival curves; the curves differ little from the original. The discussion of the nonvertebral-fracture results in the text and Table 3 is accurate, as is the conclusion that treatment with alendronate resulted in a 21 percent reduction in the number of women who had a new nonvertebral fracture. We regret the error.
Uri Liberman, M.D., Ph.D.
Beilinson Medical Center, 49100 Petah-Tikva, Israel
David B. Karpf, M.D.
Thomas Capizzi, Ph.D.
Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065-0914